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The Effects of Drugs, 2005.
This paper summarizes and reviews two research articles about the effects of drug: The effects of nicotine on immunity and the behavioral effects of alcohol and cannabis.
1,170 words (approx. 4.7 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 40.95
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Abstract
The paper explains that the first article, which discusses the effects of nicotine on immunity, states that, despite the many negative effects, nicotine has some benefits such as increasing short-term attention, cognition and memory, suppressing inflammation in colic ulcers and reducing involuntary tics in Tourettes's syndrome. The author points out that the article suggests that the ongoing investigation into the effect of nicotine on immune response is important in guiding the medical community to use nicotine for treatment of tobacco dependence or specific neurological diseases while minimizing its harmful effects. The paper reports that the second article, which attempts to compare and analyze the hazard functions for alcohol and cannabis effects by summarizing the results from the studies available, in order to determine equipotency of the two drugs for a variety of variables.
Table of Contents
Article 1: Effects of Nicotine on Immunity
Summary
Response
Article 2: Behavioral Effects of Alcohol and Cannabis
Summary
Response
From the Paper
"It affects the immune system since the type of receptors on which nicotine acts are present on immune cells as well. Experiments show that nicotine acts on specific immune cells but no link has so far been established between the long-term effects of nicotine on immune response. Nicotine also has a role in promoting cardio-vascular disease. It is known to constrict blood vessels resulting in increased blood pressure. Its stimulation of certain hormones such as norepinephrine from the adrenal glands could lead to thrombosis (blood clots) and hardening of arteries. It is also known to cause increase in circulating fatty acids, total cholesterol and triglycerides-al of which contribute to heart disease. Interference of nicotine with the immune system further aggravates the chances of cardio-vascular disease."
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"Understanding Television?s Influences and Effects", 2005.
This paper discusses David Gauntlett book which claims that his model of influence and perceptions is superior to the effects model.
1,950 words (approx. 7.8 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 62.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that David Gauntlett in his book "Moving Experiences: Understanding Television's Influences and Effects" dismisses all the models collectively known as the "effects model" in which real life violence is shown to be the effect of televised violence. The author points out Gauntlett's claim that the effects model works backwards because adherents of the effects model blame violence not on real factors, such as poverty and unemployment, but on television. The paper relates Gauntlett's statement that the effects model also insults the judgment and intelligence of children; he compares this treatment of children as inadequate because of the habitual portrayal in psychology of children as 'non-adults' thus using adult values to measure children.
From the Paper
"Furthermore, Gauntlett claims that the effects model is selective in how it is applied to violence. For example, while fictional violence is lambasted, actual portrayals of violence on the news are mysteriously permitted as having no negative effect on children. While NYPD Blue or Homicide may negatively affect young viewers and encourage them to commit crimes, other programs, such as the on-air suicide assisted by Dr.Jack Kevorkian on "60 Minutes", will not affect children at all. Similarly, news stories of violence in Northern Ireland and Bosnia will not incite children to pick up guns to become snipers, but the same scenes on a made-for-television movie will have devastating results."
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Effects of Town Planning, 2005.
This paper discusses the effects of town planning in Britain in particular, and looks at the difficulties in measuring such effects.
1,727 words (approx. 6.9 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 55.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer outlines the effects and impact of town planning on wider concerns. This is achieved by briefly highlighting the basic tenets of town planning and the manner in which differing models understand the issue. This is followed by an assessment of the factors that make the impact of town planning difficult to measure. However, the final section of the piece offers various methods for accurately understanding the impact of town planning by using a wider theoretical foundation for analysis.
From the Paper
"Outside the CBD is what is called the inner city area. Traditionally in Britain, this is where the main industrial complexes were established. Due to the decline in manufacturing and heavy industry in the mid and latter 20th century the majority of these have disappeared, but much of the housing used the provide homes for the workers remains. Next are the suburbs, which are mainly the result of housing programmes from the inter war years, and were a consequence of increased transport and communication links with the CBD. At the extremities of the town are the rural urban fringes, again a consequence of higher quality transport availability to the centre of the town. Built largely in the post 1945 period, space and luxury are often deemed vital considerations in the development process."
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School Uniforms' Detrimental Effects, 2001.
An argumentative paper concerning school uniforms and their negative effects on students' behavior.
2,860 words (approx. 11.4 pages), 10 sources, $ 84.95
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Abstract
An opinionated paper concerning the negative effect of school uniforms on students? behavior. This paper includes a lot of research and statistics; as well as quotes from students, administrators and government officials concerning the effects of uniforms on the school atmosphere.
From the Paper
"Think of a classroomwhere all of the students have their hands neatly placed in their laps, backs straight, and every eye is on the teacher. This is the picture that some people are trying to paint. But can this picture become a reality? Opposers like the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) say, ?Dealing with violence by banning certain colors or sneakers is like dealing with car theft by banning cars.? Both are very good points, but, as a student, I stand by my rights in believing that making students wear uniforms is wrong. Uniforms are not beneficial to students, schools, or the public."
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Leadership Effectiveness, 2006.
Discusses leadership effectiveness, leadership style and employee readiness based on a journal article.
690 words (approx. 2.8 pages), 2 sources, APA, $ 23.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses leadership effectiveness, leadership style, and employee readiness based on a journal article by Chen and Silverthorne entitled, "Leadership Effectiveness". It describes a study conducted to test the Situation Leadership Theory.
From the Paper
"Chen and Silverthorne conducted a study designed to test the Situation Leadership Theory ..."
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The Placebo Effect, 2008.
A comparison and contrasting of three articles focusing on the issue of the placebo effect in neurological patients.
1,524 words (approx. 6.1 pages), 3 sources, APA, $ 50.95
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Abstract
This paper compares the two articles "Donepezil in Patients with Severe Alzheimer's Disease" by Winblad et al. and "A Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Study of Controlled Release Fluvoxamine for the Treatment of Generalized Social Anxiety Disorder" by H. Westenberg, D. Stein, H. Yang, D. Li and L. Barbato. It then contrasts these two papers with "The Placebo Effect in Neurological Disorders" by R. Fuentes-Fernandez, M. Schulzer and A.J. Stoessel. It focuses on the issue of the placebo effect and, more generally, on the question of biases and addressing them in the experimental method in three different research papers.
From the Paper
"In conclusion, although a comparison of Westenberg et al. (2004) with Winblad et al. (2006) appeared to yield a number of similarities in terms of research design, subject matter (neurological states) and the strategies employed to address issues of biases and the placebo effect, nonetheless one key difference - the role of the funding source in influencing the sample selection and the results - distinguished the two. On the other hand, in contrasting Westenberg et al (2004) with Fuentes-Fernandez et al. (2002) we have seen how the former is an experimental study while the latter is a literature review. Despite this fundamental dissimilarity, however, there are interesting points of convergence between both works that merits comparative analysis."
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Effective Communication Through Writing, 2005.
A discussion of the importance of achieving effective communication through writing.
951 words (approx. 3.8 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 33.95
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Abstract
Writing skills, although just one of the aspects of communication, are arguably the most important method of getting a message across. In this paper the writer looks at some of the key aspects of communicating effectively through writing. Aspects examined are brainstorming, the message being made, the target audience, formatting, organization and grammar.
From the Paper
"Before starting to write anything, whether it is a business letter, a written report, or an essay, it is always useful to "brainstorm" in order to generate some creative ideas. This would help in overcoming the number one nemesis of all writers-"the writer's block." Brainstorming is most useful when a group of people indulge in a freewheeling discussion of a subject in an informal setting. It can, however, also be done alone by reading what others have written about a subject. The ideas that a brainstorming session generates would form the building blocks of our writing. ("Brainstorming," UNC Writing Center)"
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