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L1 Transfer versus Universal Grammar, 2008.
A complete research project to analyze the concepts involved in the L1 (native language) transfer versus universal grammar debate.
9,580 words (approx. 38.3 pages), 38 sources, APA, $ 196.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that adults learning a second or foreign language often produce errors or nonnative substitutions, including a foreign accent and normative grammatical utterances. To study the issue of L1 (native language) transfer versus universal grammar, the author uses a critical review of relevant peer-reviewed and scholarly literature and a survey of Mexican-American second language learners living in California concerning their views on these issues. The paper concludes that the knowledge of grammar in one language does not necessarily translate into an efficient use of grammar in another language. Included with the paper are several graphs, charts and tables.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Statement of the Problem
Purpose of Study
Importance of Study
Rationale of Study
Overview of Study
Definition of Terms
Review of the Literature
Background and Overview
L1 Transfer
Universal Grammar
Discussion
Table: Recapitulation of L1 Transfer Studies
Table: .Recapitulation of Universal Grammar Studies
Methodology
Data Analysis
Summary and Conclusions
From the Paper
"Following a period of relative inattention during the Renaissance, an wide range of concepts of universal grammar emerged which were no longer tied strictly to Latin; instead, grammarians began to consider what is universal in human languages to the "particular" or "special" properties that serve to differentiate one language from another. In this regard, Thomas reports that Johann Heinrich Alsted provided a useful definition of "general grammar" in his 1630 Encyclopedia as 'the pattern [norma] of every particular grammar.'"
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Velma Wallis' "Two Old Women", 2008.
Reviews Velma Wallis' book "Two Old Women: An Alaska Legend of Betrayal, Courage and Survival".
1,345 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 1 source, APA, $ 45.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that Velma Wallis' book "Two Old Women: An Alaska Legend of Betrayal, Courage and Survival" tells a story based on a legend among the Athabascan Indians of the upper Yukon river area in Alaska. The author relates that, according to the customs of the tribe, the elderly are left behind during difficult times for the tribe so that the others may live. In the story, two old women are left to die; however, they prove that they can survive. The paper stresses that Wallis believes people possess hidden gifts that they do not develop until they need to.
From the Paper
"The mantra for the two women becomes, "Let us die trying." Whether they succeed or not, then, they will have demonstrated their personal power and their refusal to sit down and die without a fight. They begin by taking inventory of their skills and by considering skills, they had in their youth but may not have used for many years. They see the need to revive these old skills now that they need them to survive. The women are left alone but not with nothing, for they still have their possessions and so can make use of what tools they own."
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Maria Amparo Escandon's "Santitos", 2008.
Analyzes the role of religion in Maria Amparo Escandon's novel "Santitos".
940 words (approx. 3.8 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 33.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that Maria Amparo Escandon's novel "Santitos"
tells the tale of Esperanza, a young woman who has suffered many tragedies in her life yet still manages to find hope and comfort in her unique brand of Christian faith. The paper points out that institutionalized religion is often portrayed as oppressive to female self-empowerment. However, in this novel, as opposed to this conventional representation of Catholic spirituality, the protagonist Esperanza's life illustrates that popular Catholicism is not necessarily misogynistic or male-dominated. The paper stresses that one of the most unique features of the role of religion in this novel is how sexuality and spirituality are openly linked.
Table of Contents:
Story Summary
The Role of Religion in "Santitos"--Analysis
From the Paper
"To find her daughter, whom she believes has been abducted in the hospital and sold into prostitution, Esperanza herself must live amongst prostitutes and enter seedy locations, in the service of her daughter and also the service of the saints. Esperanza first looks for Blanca in a Tijuana then in California. She says that the saints are waiting for her in California--because of the many names of the cities that begin with "San." This reflects Esperanza's often simplistic and naive view of the world."
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David Kessler's "A Question of Intent", 2008.
A review of David Kessler's book about the use of factual data and public policy, "A Question of Intent".
975 words (approx. 3.9 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 34.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that David Kessler's book "A Question of Intent" demonstrates how even something apparently objective, like factual data regarding science and human health, is still open to subjective interpretation and influence in the political arena. The paper points out that, during his tenure from 1990 to 1997 at the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Kessler created more aggressive agency policies in regards to tobacco regulation, food labeling and prescription drug approval. The paper then relates that, in his book, Kessler explains how and why he chose to take a more proactive regulatory role in regards to the agency's responsibilities overseeing the health of the American public.
Table of Contents:
Public Policy--"A Question of Intent"
Incident 1: Big Tobacco
Incident 2: Food (mis) Labeling
Incident 3: Drugs
From the Paper
"Although American consumers might like to think they have grown savvier about reading food labels and understanding food misleading food advertising, Kessler was one of the first FDA heads to realize that apparently innocuous labels could contain a great deal of misinformation because of the way they were marketed, and only contain accurate information if consumers interpreted the 'fine print' hidden in an inaccessible fashion on the label. He required food manufacturers to stop calling processed foods fresh if they had been made with frozen tomatoes or orange juice made from concentrate."
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Benefits of Stem Cell Research, 2008.
An argument that the medical benefits of stem cell research outweigh the ethical and religious dilemmas surrounding the practice.
2,411 words (approx. 9.6 pages), 6 sources, APA, $ 73.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses the diseases that are the focus of stem cell research and relates that stem cells can be used to test new drugs and can replicate specific cells which will then grow into human organs. The paper then looks at the opposition to stem cell research and explains how many claim it is ethically unsound and a form of murder of an unborn fetus, while others believe that stem cell research will someday lead to cloning human beings. The paper asserts that there should be some form of regulation regarding human cloning, but stem cell research should be funded and encouraged by the government. The paper contends that stem cell research will save lives and could bring an end to many debilitating conditions that millions of people around the world suffer from and die from each year.
From the Paper
"Stem cells hold the promise for the future in many areas of medicine. Basically, stem cell research attempts to discover how a healthy cell reproduces itself into an organism, and how healthy cells replace cells that are damaged in the body. Some scientists refer to stem cell research as "regenerative or reparative medicine" (Editors, 2006). These cells are important for a wide variety of reasons, but especially because they hold the promise of some day eradicating many common diseases and illnesses that today are incurable."
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Medical School Personal Statement, 2008.
An admission essay to the University of Toronto's Medical School.
1,037 words (approx. 4.1 pages), 0 sources, $ 36.95
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Abstract
This paper presents a personal statement and admission essay to the Medical School of the University of Toronto. It describes the writer's choice to pursue a career in medicine and how it was shaped by a combination of family history, his lifelong fascination with human biology, and his knowledge of how profoundly emotionally rewarding it can be for medical practitioners to make a positive difference in the lives of their patients. The paper discusses each of these aspects in detail.
From the Paper
"Finally, it must be said that my decision to apply to study medicine at the University of Toronto has been influenced by the renown and reputation of its faculty, and its success in producing medical practitioners of the highest calibre. My determination to meet the high standards of your institution led me to retake my MCAT so that I was satisfied with every aspect of my performance, and feel that it accurately reflects my knowledge and skill set. I also believe that my lifelong interest in human biology and physiology, and the knowledge gained as a consequence of these years of interest and study, also render me a strong candidate for medical studies at your institution. To all of these factors must also be added the invaluable life experience and insights into the challenges and emotional rewards of medical practice that I have acquired through learning from my grandfather's and my father's examples. Their dedication and commitment to their patients and their work have inspired me to continue their legacy of care through pursuing my own career in medicine."
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Dental School Personal Statement, 2008.
A personal statement regarding the writer's chosen career path of dentistry.
732 words (approx. 2.9 pages), 0 sources, $ 26.95
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Abstract
This paper provides a personal description of the events that led the writer to choose a career in dentistry. It describes the writer's first exposure to dentistry and discusses the impression that it made on him. The paper also describes the writer's previous work experience and how it was very informative and has greatly reinforced his heightened enthusiasm for the dental profession.
From the Paper
"My initial exposure to taking dentistry as a career path was purely accidental. About four years ago, I had to accompany my mother to the dentist because she was still unable to speak a single word of English during that time. I myself was not that fluent at that time since it has only been a few months since I arrived in the US. The doctor informed me that mother's teeth needed to be crowned, but the procedure was not covered by her medical plan. The dentist also told me that extraction was the only alternative procedure covered under her plan. So I gave the dentist permission to perform the extraction procedure, not knowing exactly what extraction really meant. When we got home, my mother got upset and started to cry when she realized that her teeth have been extracted. I love my mother very much and seeing her cry broke my heart. I wanted to correct my mistake so I went back to the dentist, but he informed me that new teeth implant would cost $7,000.00. He referred me to the financial manager after I asked for the possibility of paying on installment basis. Unfortunately, the financial manager ignored me completely. I cannot help but blame myself for making such a stupid mistake and the feeling of helplessness pains me severely. It was then that I decided to become a dentist, not only to give my mother her teeth back but also to help other people like me."
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